China has been producing ink for a long time. The predecessor of ink was pine ink. China uses pine smoke, glue (mainly cowhide glue, which plays a role in bonding cigarette ash), and water to make black ink. Started as a writing tool and later used in the woodblock printing industry. Ink developed rapidly in the early stages of China, but after the Middle Ages, it remained stagnant and satisfied with traditional secret formulas, lacking creativity. At that time, wooden printing in Europe was...